Will automation ever take off in construction?
Volvo CE shares some insights from Paul Newman, co-founder of autonomous vehicle software company Oxbotica, and a professor at Oxford University in the United Kingdom.
Speaking on behalf of Volvo Construction Equipment, he shares what automation might mean in terms of construction equipment in a question/answer format.
What is driving the urge to automate functions in construction equipment?
It’s fundamentally about supercharging humans. It is about humans doing more because machines can do more – because of the way they operate.
What needs to happen to make this possible?
The way machines and vehicles operate is already changing. But for full autonomy we need to trust machines to be able to operate safely and effectively by themselves, with no dependence on infrastructure, no dependency on any external systems, no beacons, no cables, no markers, no white lines, no dependency on roads, not even dependency on GPS. When this is achieved all machines can work better for us.
What technology is driving increased mobile machine autonomy?
It’s the software. Sensors are important and there’s lots of interesting sensor technology coming through, but the golden stuff is the algorithms. The way in which machines can understand space, the structure of space, the work space. How things are moving, what’s in them, the ability to take various sensor streams and for the machine to say: “Aha! I know where I am, what’s around me, and what I should do next.” Those are the three pillars of autonomy and get answered by software and algorithms.
Will these systems allow machines to be intelligent and self-learning?
Of course. It would be hard to do it any other way. Machines can learn, they have the optimization, the estimation and the algorithmic ability to operate at high speeds and in the real world. The ability to process streams of data from multiple sensors and think about redundancy and safety all at the same time. That’s the greatest thrill of working in this area – getting robots and machines to work out in the wild, in the mud, in the rain and in the glaring sun.
When will we have autonomous construction machines?
That’s not such a simple question to answer. We are a long way away from being able to produce a machine that can work in all places, at all times and in all applications. But for clearly understood and defined applications we are able to install, train-up and deliver machines today.
Will autonomous machines be safer?
Safety could be the number one advantage of autonomous machines. Today one of the highest causes of construction deaths is people being struck by construction equipment. That’s not okay, so we can create ‘guardian angel’ features that work in cooperation with human operators and simply say: “I’m just not going to let you hit anyone.”
So, no accidents at all with autonomous machines?
In all technology, in all environments, accidents happen. And they are awful. With autonomous machines there should be very few of them, but we should admit that there will be some accidents. They won’t be the kind of accidents that happen if a human was in control. Something like 80 percent of accidents on the road are caused by failings that computers never have. Accidents are often caused by boredom and distraction and autonomy can cut those sorts of accidents to zero. Computers have an inhuman ability to concentrate – they never get bored.
But the knockout blow for this technology is learning. Human operators take a long time, even years, to become expert in driving their machines. But construction vehicles can be programmed ahead of their first day on site with all the data and learnings of all other machines that preceded them. From all around the world. From every accident that’s ever been recorded, everywhere. So, an accident in Kuala Lumpur in the morning really should reduce the chances of the same accident happening in London that afternoon.
What’s the relationship between autonomy and connectivity?
Autonomous machines should be able to operate independently of anything external. However, that’s not to say that if you do have connectivity you shouldn’t use it. It’s a nice-to-have, but the point is that you shouldn’t need it in order to succeed.
Can autonomous machines deliver greater productivity by never having to go to the toilet? By never having to sleep? By never having to stop for lunch?
I’ve got so many stories of why this is true. The answer is unequivocally, in capital letters, in flashing neon: YES.
Can you quantify it?
Autonomy will allow an operator to drive multiple machines rather than just one at a time. That’s what gets talked about most, but that’s not all. There are many second-order advantages that don’t get talked about. Potholes, for example, in off-road applications can cause all kinds of trouble. But the machine knows they’re coming, it knows they’re being made, so it moves slowly to the side, which means the tires last longer. The controlled acceleration and deceleration of these vehicles massively reduces fuel costs. Autonomous machines can work in complete darkness. Vehicles that are not being dispatched can turn themselves off. As these vehicles move around the site, they’re perceiving their world, but at the same time they’re doing full-scale asset monitoring of the facility.
Can autonomous machines have the same skill level as human operators?
There are certain tasks that are, for the moment, beyond what machines can do. Take a very skilled excavator operator and the precise and delicate ways they control the bucket. It’s extraordinary. It’s a celebration of everything it is to have a human cortex. But actually, that same operator gets asked to do dreary and repetitive tasks – what a waste of that super brain. We might say there are things which we would want humans to do, and others that a machine can do ceaselessly in the middle of the night in the dark. It’s about empowering the genius of the human brain by taking away the monotonous tasks.
So autonomous machines don’t have to be the enemy?
Technology is an enabler. It makes us healthier, wealthier, happier. This is like the next chapter, the next hammer in our tool kit. We’re going to build more things, because we can do it better. We’re going to build, and mine, and do more stuff because we can, because we are enabling humans to do more.
What about job losses from machines no longer needing operators?
In the 1970s, people feared that computers were going to take everybody’s jobs. Now look at all the jobs computers have created – we’ve got the best employment ever.
Jobs will change and new roles will be created gradually over time, there won’t be a big bang changeover. So, in construction and mining, we’ll have whole crews of people who are upskilled to look after the autonomous machines.
Can anything stop the rise of the robots?
Machines and humans will work together for some time to come. There are places where machines will think: “This is really tricky – I need you, human,” and the human goes: “I got it.”
It will be a long time before anything comes near to the extraordinary skill of a human being. But then there are some roles that are simple and repetitive worksite tasks that autonomy systems can do better and more safely.
Editor's note: Professor Paul Newman is co-founder of Oxbotica, the autonomous vehicles software company, as well as the Director of the Oxford Robotics Institute. He is also the BP Professor of Information Engineering at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, and inventor of techniques that allow machines to know where they are, what surrounds them and what they should do next.
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